Бурение грунтовых зондов, установка энергетических колодцев

Generally, the prediction of average casing temperature is based on the idealized model of a centralized tubing string at uniform constant temperature transmit­ting energy towards casing under steady-state conditions. Heat is then transferred away from the casing to the formation by unsteady-state conditions across the thermal barriers: the cement and mud cake. Thus, the casing temperature de­pends on the rate of heat transfer from the tubing and the type of well completion. A typical wellbore heat flow model is presented in Fig. 4.33.

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