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Производство оборудования и технологии
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Gasifier for wood chips

Towards the end of the Second World War, gasifiers for vehicles using wood blocks as fuel had been developed to a stage where the technology appeared to be reasonably reliable. Design rules for matching the gasifier dimensions to the size and operating conditions of the engine were fairly well established. The design rules used at that time in Sweden have been summarized in (43).

The first tests with wood chips reported by Nordstrom (33) in 1963 were made in a modified Imbert type downdraft gasifier with a V-hearth, see Fig. 3.1, with a fixed grate. The experiences were quite distressing. Bridging in the fuel bunker gave irregular flow of fuel in the gasifier. Clogging of the reduction zone leading to a large pressure drop of the gasifier appeared after less than one hour of operation. High tar content was observed for some tests.

It was soon concluded that a moving grate was necessary for wood chips to be used as fuel. The bridging problem was found to be associated with sticking of the fuel to the wall in the pyrolysis zone where some of the tars driven off from the fuel condensed and caused a sticky surface. The problem was reduced to what was considered acceptable by the

introduction of a baffle in the fuel bunker for the purpose of eliminating contact between the fuel and the walls, in the pyrolysis zone, see Fig. 3.2.

Figure 3-1. Modified Imbert-type downdraft gasifier with V-hearth tested by Nordstrom (33)

Figure 3.2 Sketches of standard type gasifiers for wood chips and wood blocks — a.

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Wood chip design

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The main dimensions of the three standard sizes of gasifiers, each with four combinations of choke plate and nozzle sizes, are shown in Table 3.2 and Fig. 3.3.

In comparison with the design guidelines for wood block gasifiers presented in Chapter 2, the maximum "hearth load" В defined as the superficial velocity of gas through the narrowest section of the gasifier is generally slightly higher, i. e. about 1.0 m /cm h., and the turn-down ratio higher, i. e. about 6-9. The dimensions of the standard designs for wood chip gasifiers show the following differences from the recommendations in Chapter 2.

— The number of air nozzles is generally larger.

— The ratio of the nozzle area to the throat area varies in somewhat different ways for the three standard sizes of the firebox, see Fig. 3.4.a.

— The ratio of the firebox diameter to the throat diameter d/d is generally higher than recommended for wood blocks.

— The ratio of the nozzle tip diameter to the throat diameter d t/d is generally greater than recommended for wood blocks.

— The height of the reduction zone is much less than the average of 32 cm for wood block gasifiers and for the smallest sizes even below the minimum height of 20 cm recommended in Chapter 2 for wood blocks.

Other features of the standard gasifiers for wood chips are that the gas is brought out of the gasifier at about the throat level and that the outer surface of the upper part of the gasifier acts as a cooling surface for condensation of water and tars. The condensate is drained into a separate vessel located close to the gasifier.

The main advent-age of this system is that it is possible to drain-off condensates which form after shut-down of the operation when the gasifier cools off. The condensate may otherwise wet the charcoal bed in the fire-zone and cause difficulties to re-ignite the gasifier. There will also be some drying of the fuel as indicated by tests reported by Nordstrom (33). According to these, 60 — 80 percent of the moisture in the wood fed into the gasifier can be drained off from the condensate jacket.

Table 3.2 Main dimensions of standard type gasifiers for wood chips

Gasifier

type

Main dimensions reduction zones

of the hearth and

Gas pro­duction Nnr/h

Wood

consump­tion at max. load kg/h

dh

dt

hnt

hr

n

ln

Max.

Min —

F-3

310

60

115

175

6

7-0

50

25

4

12

60-120

310

80

125

165

6

8.0

50

50

6

25

F-300

310

100

135

155

6

9. S

40

80

8

35

60/120

310

120

145

145

6

11.5

40

115

12

50

F—5

370

80

125

205

7

9.0

60

60

7

25

80/150

370

100

135

195

7

10.0

60

80

10

35

F-500

370

125

145

185

7

n. o

50

120

13

55

80/150

370

150

155

175

7

12.0

50

165

18

75

F-7

430

110

140

275

9

9.S

70

105

13

50

110-180

430

130

150

265

9

10-5

70

135

17

60

P-700

430

155

160

255

9

12.0

50

170

22

60

110/180

430

180

170

245

9

14-0

50

220

28

100

Dimensions of the fuel container (mm)

jdB

627 627

627

720

790 930

1270

1450

-hi

.340 .480

О

CM

CO

CO

о

о

h2

220 ,360

700

610

total volume dm3

155 199

o

CO

401

type FI

tvw I

f typg F7 f

Figure 3.3 Main dimensions of standard type gasifiers for wood chips

 

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Figure 3.4 Design guidelines for down-draft gasifiers — a. Ratio between nozzle flow
area, An, and throat area, At, as a function of the throat diameter.

t

image038

Figure 3.4 Design guidelines for down-draft gasifiers — b. Diameter of the fire box, dr,

as a function of the throat diameter, dt.

image039

Figure 3.4 Design guidelines for down-draft gasifiers — c. Nozzle tip ring diameter, dnt,

as a function of the throat diameter, dt.

image040

Figure 3.4 Design guidelines for down-draft gasifiers — d. Height of the nozzle plane above the throat, hnt, as a function of the throat diameter

 

image041

Подпись: t

t/d

The throat section is built-up by a loose throat ring resting on a support ring which can be placed at different levels below the nozzle tip plane by variation of the number of distance rings between the support ring and the brackets welded to the fire-box wall. This throat ring can easily be changed to adapt the gasifier to new operating conditions, and it can also easily be replaced if damaged by overheating.

The overall cold gas efficiency of this type of gasifier defined as: where

г) g = overall cold gas efficiency

qVg = gas volume flow

qMf = fuel mass flow

Hig = lower gas heating value

Hif = lower fuel heating value

has been determined as about 70 percent over a load range from 100 per cent to 20 percent. The tar content of the gas has been determined between 0.04 and 0.20 g/m3 over the practical load range. The tar content can be compared with the guidelines given by Tiedema et al (42) according to which the tar content should be less than 0.5 g/m3 if the gas is to be suitable as fuel for an internal combustion engine.

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